C- LANGUAGE NOTES
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dennis Ritchie
1. C language is
generally develop for hardware programming
2. C language is developed by
Dennis Ritchie.
3. C
language is developing in 1969-1974.
4. C
language is develop in AT & T Bell Laboratory
Programming Language:-
Programming Language provide interface for write the program for
development of Software.
There are different
types of programming language.
a)
Low Level:-
I)
Machine Language: - It is in the form of Binary Numbers (0 or 1)
ii)
Assembly Language: - It is in the form of group of alphabets and numbers.
b)
High Level:-
-->
It is user understandable language.
-->
Program’s are written by the help of Alphabet number and symbols.
-->
Programming is very easy in High Level Language.
-->
Translator's are used for translate the program in machine level.
c)
4th Generation & 5th Generation:-
-->
It is next generation language
-->
It is use in Artificial Intelligence
Translator:-
Translator
is use to convert the program in high level to machine
understandable format.
There are
different types of translator:-
1.
Compiler:-
-->
It can compile the program at a time.
-->
Error removing and debugging is slow.
-->
Fast execution.
2.
Interpreter
-->
It can interpret the program line by line.
-->
Error removing and debugging is fast.
-->
Slow Execution.
Programming Elements:-
For
creating a program different types of elements are used.
Like:-
a) Variable &
Constant:-
1. Variable is use to hold the value in program.
2. Variable is a name of memory location where value is store.
3. Variable values can be change during program execution.
3. Variable values can be change during program execution.
4. Constants are not change when the program in run.
Like:-
x=3;
here x is a variable and 3 is a value/Constant.
Rules for declaration of
a variable:-
1. Variable first
character must be started with an alphabet or underscore also.
2. Variable name cannot
accept any space.
3. Don't use any special
symbol for variable name. Only use underscore symbol
4. Keywords are not use
as name of variable.
5. Variable cannot
define as more than one time.
Like:-
x,
ab123, DOB, gender, _a.
Wrong
variable name: - 1a, D O B, int
Data Types:-
Data Types is used in
program to identify the value of a variable. There are different types of data
types.
Data Type Format
Specifier
1. Int %d
2. char %c
3. float %f
4. double %lf
5. long
int %ld
6. long
float %lf
Header Files:-
Header files store the definition of the predefine function of c
language.
Extension of header file
is .h
There are different
types of header files.
a) stdio.h
b) conio.h
c) process.h
d) math.h
e) stdlib.h
f) string.h
g) iostream.h
etc...
Note:-
a) All header files are
store in include name directory.
b) Header files are always
written before main () method using # symbol.
c) # is pre-processor
directives that can load header files into compiler.
Function:-
Function is the group of statement. Function provide modular
programming approach.
There are different types of function
a) Pre Define Function
b) User Define function
User define function is
define by the user according to the need.
Pre-Define Function:-
Pre-define
function is also known as library function.
There are different
types of function.
Like :- printf(),
scanf(), clrscr() etc...
Structure of c program:-
#include<headerFile.h>
.
.
void
main()
{
Variable
Declaration;
Statement
of code;
------------------------------
;
------------------------------
;
}
Note:-
{ , } is curly brackets
which is use for scope or body block declaration.
main() -> It is user
define function. Programs are always start from main() block.
void :- it ignore the
warning i.e. FUNCTION SHOULD RETURN A VALUE
Variable Declaration: -
All the variable is define in this section.
Statements of Code:-
Hear start the user line of program codes.
C language Software:-
- Turbo C
- Turbo C++
- Borland C
- Dev C
- Visual C++
Open c language software
for programming:-
STEPS FOR TURBO C++ FOR
WINDOWS 7,8
1. Click Start Menu.
2. Select All Programs.
3. Click Turbo C++ for Windows 7
Double
Click on Turbo C++ Windows 7 icon.
1. A window is
open. This window is called Editor Window or Code Window
2. Click
File menu and select New option
3. Type your
code.
4. Save your
Program with a name and extension is .c
Like:- Prog1.c (here
Prog 1 is file name and .c is extension)
5. Click on
Compile Menu and select compile(ALT+F9) option.
6. Click on Run
Menu and select Run (CTRL + F9) option.
Important Shortcut for c
programming:-
1. OPEN -> F3
2. SAVE -> F2
3. COMPILE -> ALT + F9
4. RUN -> CTRL + F9
5. OUTPUT -> ALT + F5
6. LINE BY LINE CHECK -> F7
7. COPY -> CTRL + INSERT
8. CUT -> SHIFT + DEL
9. PASTE -> SHIFT + INSERT
10. UNDO
-> ALT + BACKSPACE
11. REDO
-> ALT + SHIFT + BACKSPACE
12. MAXIMIZE
DOCUMENT -> F5
13. MAKE
EXE -> F9
14. MAXIMIZE/
MINIMIZE PROGRAM -> ALT + ENTER
15. CLOSE
-> ALT + F3
16. EXIT
-> ALT + X
Output Function:-
printf(“Message”);
printf is a function
which is use to print the message on the screen.
Syntax:- printf(“Message of Format Specifier”,variable_list);
Syntax:- printf(“Message of Format Specifier”,variable_list);
example:-
printf(“Hello”);
printf(“sum=%d”,a);
Here %d is use for
printing the value of a that initialized as int type.
SIMPLE PROGRAM:-
Que 1:- Write
a program to print your name .
Ans- 1:-
#include<stdio.h>
void
main()
{
clrscr();
printf(“Congratulation!! ”);
printf(“HELLO Programmer ! This is my first Programming “);
getch();
}
Some useful function :-
clrscr() -> It is use
to clear the output screen.
getch() -> it is use
to stop the output screen.
Escape Sequence
Character:-
\n
-> for new line
\t
-> for tab space ( 5 character)
\b
-> for move the cursor at back to single character
\r
-> Move cursor at first character of line
\a
-> for beep ( sound)
Example:-
printf(“\n
HELLO “);
printf(“WELCOME\t
C programming”);
output:-
welcome c
programming
printf(“NeuTron\bN”);
output:-
NeuTroN
( last character n is replace with N)
Input Function
Input Function
scanf() function is use to take input from the keyboard.
Syntax:- scanf(“Format
Specifier......”,&variable List...);
& -> It is ampercent sing and
also known as address operator that specify the address of any variable.
Format Specifier:- It provide the
identification of variable value.
Example:-
For
Integer value:-
int a;
scanf(“%d”,&a);
For Integer value:-
float x;
scanf(“%f”,&x);
For Integer value:-
char z;
scanf(“%c”,&z);
Note:- If & operator
is not use in scanf() with variable the the input value can not store in the
variable.
Like
:- scanf(“%d”,a);
-> here &a is required for storing value.
Comma (,) delimiter is
use for define multiple value or variable.
Like:-
Int
a,b,c;
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
Note:- Remember sequence
of variable must be important. (Left to Right)
Some Special Types of
Input using scanf()
scanf(“%d/%d/%d”,&dd,&mm,&yyyy); input
format:- 12/09/1995
Conditional Statements:-
The
conditional statements is use to check the condition and implementation logic
in program to solve a problem.
There are different
types of conditional statements
a) if
b) if....else
c) ladder if
d) nested if
e) ternary operator
In conditional
statements, some operators are use for check the condition.
Like:-
Relational or comparison
operator:
a) > (greater than)
b) < (less than)
c) >= (greater or equal to)
d) <= (less or equal to)
e) == (equal to)
f) != (not equal to)
Logical Operator:
a) && (AND)
b) || (OR)
c) ! (NOT)
NOTE :-
Logical operator is use
when multiple condition are checked.
AND (&&)
|
||
CONDITION-1
|
CONDITION-2
|
RESULTS
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
TRUE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
OR(||)
|
||
CONDITION-1
|
CONDITION-2
|
RESULTS
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
FALSE
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
FALSE
|
TRUE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
NOT(!)
|
|
CONDITION
|
RESULT
|
TRUE
|
FALSE
|
FALSE
|
TRUE
|
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT:
1 . If
SYNTAX:-
|
if(Check
condition)
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
}
2 . If.. else
SYNTAX:-
if(Check
condition)
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
}
else
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
}
Remember in else, there
is no need to define any condition.
3. Ladder if( if .. else
if...) :- This is used when multiple condition is executed.
SYNTAX:-
if(Check
condition)
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
}
else
if(Check condition)
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
}
else if(Check condition)
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
}
.
. More
than one else if
.
else
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
}
Note:- Remember always
define else at the last because when any condition is not TRUE then else is
executed.
4. Nested if :- It
is use when multiple level of condition’s are checked.
SYNTAX
if(Check condition)
{
if(Check
condition)
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
Statements..
}
else
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
Statements..
}
}
else
{
if(Check
condition)
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
Statements..
}
else
{
--------------
Statements..
--------------
Statements..
}
}
5. Ternary Operator:- Using
ternary operator the condition is checked without using any if and else statements.
SYNTAX:-
Result_Variable=(check
Condition)?True Statements: False
Statements;
Like:-
Int
a=2,b=3;
int
res=(a>b)?a:b;
Result is 3 because condition is false then res store value of b.
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